Bus 557 Assignment Essay

Ethics behavioral aspect of accounting is a special area of accounting that is developed to address such aspect of human information processing behavior, judgment quality, accounting problems created by users and providers of accounting information as well as their decision making skills. Secondly, paper will describe the organization, the accounting ethical breach and the impact to the organization related to ethical breach. Thirdly, this paper will determine how the organizational ethical issue was detected and how management failed to create an ethical environment. In some cases, some company pledged its own stock to ensure that partnerships would be able to borrow money. And when Enron stock started plummeting, the whole thing fell apart. Fourthly, this paper will analyze the accounts impacted and or accounting guidelines violated and the resulting impact to the business operation. They operated as the masterminds behind the system to defraud investors. The banks, by offering fake, illegal and not approved by regulators deals, played a significant role in helping Enron falsify company financial statements and mislead investors. Finally, the paper will discuss as a CFO which measures could have been taken to prevent this ethical breach and how each measure should be implemented in the future. First of all, there should be analysis of culture within the organization including norms of behavior, standards of conduct, values, perspective of attitudes, perceptions, there seems to be pressure to commit misconduct, communications, risks and vulnerabilities Review of Accounting Ethics Page 3 Given the corporate ethical breaches in recent times, assess whether or not you believe that the current business and regulatory environment is more conducive to ethical behavior. Provide support for your answer. Ethics behavioral aspect of accounting is a special area of accounting that is developed to address such aspect of human information processing behavior, judgment quality, accounting problems created by users and providers of accounting information as well as their decision making skills (Ponema, 2009). Existing businesses and regulatory environment is more conductive behavior because some companies and managers feel as though they can get away with it. The unpredictable increase and collapse of the Enron Company set off a long-burning fire under the American social conscience. From every crevasse and corner, voices rose demanding increased accountability, demanding tighter regulation, and demanding that the unethical be brought to justice. Clearly, in such estimation, those at fault should have been punished business. Many transformations in the business environment have taken place, including immoral conducts and the tendency for corruption. Unethical accounting behavior is also included as a consequence. (Sims, 1992). So the government has been forced to increase regulations and inspect actions taken in business, most especially after the Enron, Tyco, WorldCom and other unethical accounting scandals. As a result of the mentioned scandals, the government then passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002 providing regulatory requirements for better precision in business action, accountability and assurance of ethical accounting behavior by publicly held companies and accounting firms. According to White (2000), the total number of boards of directors who set ethical codes of conduct within organizations has increased from 41 percent in 1991 to 78 percent. Review of Accounting Ethics Page 4 According to the Wall Street Journal about 79 percent of youth in the United States do not believe in the presence of moral principles in business. There should be a business foundation, especially in accounting which should provide society with adequate information about companies and industry. Accounting is more and more involved in consulting, so it requires high ethical standards to built trust between clients and companies (White, 2000). Even if society does not believe in the honesty in any business, I think that ethics and ethical behavior are very high priorities for companies today and this is proofed by the increasing number of companies currently applying ethical codes of conducts. Codes of ethics are arrangements that are frequently used as a force to promote ethical behavior. There are many ways that a business could operate ethically. They can impose legal actions and fines. This could then remove destruction to any firm’s reputation, and protect and / or increase the capital of any shareholder. Paying special attention to Shareholder value, cost control, creating a competitive advantage and avoiding internal corruption would also be a help. A firm’s unethical behavior could also contribute to the organization’s productivity level being lower over time. Because of all these aspects I believe that the current business and regulatory environment is more conducive to ethical behavior. Based on your research, describe the organization, the accounting ethical breach and the impact to the organization related to ethical breach. Enron Corp. was an energy company born from a mildly innovative 1985 deal that combined two boring businesses: an Omaha-based natural-gas-pipeline company named InterNorth and a similar Texas company called Houston Natural Gas. Instead of just delivering gas to customers at a modest profit, Enron decided to use newly deregulated pipelines to match other buyers and Review of Accounting Ethics Page 5 sellers in the energy industry. Enron became a gas trader, which would be much more exciting than just building pipes and transporting gas. Moreover, Enron was managing its own employee pension funds. This should not happen because it allowed the company to use these funds for the advantage of the company only, without taking care of their employees. Besides, Enron should have a code of ethics that prohibits managers and executives from being involved in another business entity that does business with their own company. Usually, codes of ethics are voluntary, but the board of directors should set them up as the important restriction of company. According to the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics (2002), legal and regulatory structures would trigger Enron’s bankruptcy. Initially, Arthur Andersen LLP would provide consulting and the audited reporting services noting the financial results of their consulting activities. This occurred because it was allowed by current law and regulations imposed by the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC). I see this as fault of within the legal structure and an evident conflict of interest. Additionally, another conflict of interest occurred in Enron by hiring and paying its own auditors. It is understandable that the auditors did not issue an adverse report on the company that was paying them. The conclusion coming from this situation is that private companies should not be allowed to pay for their own auditors.. Moreover, Enron would also expand into other business areas, including water, fiber optics, newsprint, and telecommunications (Halbert T & Ingulli, E. (2009). Legal structure permits managers to enter these arrangements, which constitute a conflict of interest. The managers and executives should take care of the best interest of the company and its shareholders because the law leaves them with freedom, to choose what it is the best interest of the company. There are no doubts that Enron’s officers did not act within the scope of their Review of Accounting Ethics Page 6 authorities. A few days before the outstanding loss of Enron was made public, workers who audited the company books for Arthur Andersen had been given an extraordinary directive to damage all audit material, except for the most basic â€Å"work papers. † Even if, there are no rules for how long company should keep its documents, it was illegal. (Halbert T. & Ingulli, E. (2009). Determine how the organizational ethical issue was detected and how management failed to create an ethical environment. Enron Corporation is a classic example of organizational-level corruption. Halbert T & Ingulli E. (2009). Enron debacle is not just the story of a company that failed; it is the story of a system that failed. And the system didn’t fail through carelessness or laziness; it was corrupted. â€Å" According to Report of Investigation by the Special Investigative Committee of the Board of Directors of Enron Corp (2002), Enron employees involved in the partnerships were enriched, in the aggregate, by tens of millions of dollars they should never have received–Farrow by at least $30 million, Hooper by at least $10 million, two others by $1 million each. Any of these employees, except Farrow, did not obtain the permission required by Enron’s Code of Conduct of Business Affairs to own interest in the partnerships. Moreover, many Enron transactions were designed to accomplish favorable financial statement results. These examples show that Enron’s officers put their own interest ahead of their obligations to Enron. The company allowed chief financial officer Farrow to set up partnerships that enabled Enron to report pretty much whatever numbers it needed to keep Wall Street happy. In some cases, the company pledged its own stock to ensure that partnerships would be able to borrow money. And when Enron stock started plummeting, the whole thing fell apart. (Farrow made off with millions of dollars for himself, but his depredations played no significant role in Enron’s fall. ) . When Review of Accounting Ethics Page 7 forensic accountants finally got a look at Enron’s books in late 2001, they discovered that the company had been reporting incorrect numbers for at least five years. Analyze the accounts impacted and / or accounting guidelines violated and the resulting impact to the business operation. Perhaps Enron could have been somewhat successful by branching out into the commodities business creating an international, privatized water market. Enron’s leaders in 1998 set up a subsidiary called Azurix with a major water concession in England, but British regulators cut the firm’s rates-and Enron’s style was significantly cramped. Azurix’s expansion into Brazil also worked out badly due to local politics. Enron hid the mounting debts in an off-the-balance-sheet partnership. This became a common Enron technique and led to the kind of debt load that became unsustainable when investors lost confidence in Enron’s numbers (Snider, 2006), according to Snider (2006), Farrow, the former Enron chief financial officer, said that Enron’s banks played important role in the corporation fraud. They operated as the masterminds behind the system to defraud investors. The banks, by offering fake, illegal and not approved by regulators deals, played a significant role in helping Enron falsify company financial statements and mislead investors. It was the banks that instructed Enron how to deal with the company’s significant financial challenges. If stated, dividend targets could not be met by Enron, and the company would have had to generate more cash flow to maintain its credit ratings. The banks assisted to design the fake and deceptive deals. The banks helped Enron to hide the debt which was not showing up on the books by replacing bad assets through creation shell companies. These shell companies, run by Enron executives who profited richly from them, allowed Enron to keep hundreds of millions of dollars in debt off its books. Also, loan transactions were reported as cash flow instead of debt. These finances were not shown in the financial statements. Review of Accounting Ethics Page 8 This action would lead the company’s stock and hurt most of investors across the country (Halbert T. & Ingulli, E. (2009). As a CFO, recommend which measures could have been taken to prevent this ethical breach and how each measure should be implemented in the future. Enron was liable for the action of its agents and employees, because most taken actions, which lead Enron into bankruptcy, were taken inside the corporation. Enron officers and managers repaid the banks by access to special deals; premium payments and insider access to future beneficial transactions (Maximizing Business Performance, 2007). In order to avoid situation that took place in Enron Corp. there are some actions that should be taken within an organization. First of all, there should be analysis of culture within the organization including norms of behavior, standards of conduct, values, perspective of attitudes, perceptions, pressures to commit misconduct, communications, risks and vulnerabilities. The Code of Ethics should be complied by Board Members and Senior Executives as well as by all employees. Measures they recommend should include staff training, evaluations of compliance systems, appropriate funding and staffing of the corporate ethics office. An organization has to make sure that consulting and auditing are separated while financing auditing has its independence with integrity. Moreover, managing proper communication regarding expectations, requirements, goals and roles at all levels is significant to constitute ethical behavior within an organization. Establishing an Ethics Committee helps to focus on ethical conduct and empower employees to make decisions according to organization’s values. Enron and other corporations need better financial disclosure mechanisms. The Financial Accounting Standards Board, responsible for rule making in the area, has to create regulations and standards that are more Review of Accounting Ethics Page 9 forth right and understandable to ordinary people. In addition, corporations need more responsible public servants, instead of creating more laws. We need to teach people to be responsible for what they have done, just as we have held the business people to accountability. Conclusion Since the objective of accounting is to provide relevant, timely information for user decision making, therefore, Accountants must behave in an ethical manner so that the information they provide will be trustworthy and, thus, useful for decision making. The purpose of ethics in accounting is to direct accountants to abide by the code of conduct that facilitates and encourage public confidence in their services. Ethics are moral principles that guide the conduct of individuals but unfortunately, some accountants sometimes behave in an unethical manner. These ethical violations led to fines, firings, and lawsuits. In some cases, accountants were criminally prosecuted, convicted, and sent to prison. References Snider, D. (2006, September 26). University of California, San Francisco. UC Says Farrow Implicated Banks in Enron Fraud. Retrieved April 27, 2013 from http://ucsf. edu/ stories/uc-says-farrow-implicated-banks-in-enron-fraud Halbert T & Ingulli, E. (2009). Law & Ethics in the Business Environment: 2010 custom edition (6th ed. ). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning White J. (2000). Ethics in Business. Retrieved April 27, 2013, from http://www. pro2net. com Sims, R. R. (1992). Journal of Business Ethics, 11: 651–662. Committee of the Board of Directors of Enron Corp. Retrieved April 27, 2013, from http://fl1. findlaw. com/news. findlaw. com/wp/docs/enron/specinv020102rpt1. pdf

Phu Quoc

To Yen Ngan ELP 6 Lecturer: Mr. James Topic: Tourism in Phu Quoc Island Phu Quoc Island is located in Thailand Bay, lies in front of the Cambodia cost, 45km from Ha Tien to the West and 15 km from South Cambodia. Phu Quoc is located in the tropics and is affected by oceanic climate. These are the reasons why Phu Quoc’s climate is always being temperate with average temperature from 24oC – 27oC. The ideal time for tourist to visit Phu Quoc Island is from November to January (Lunar calendar) because in this time the sea is so calm and the amount of tourist will decrease that’s why the price of hotel and food will be more reasonable for everybody. Phu Quoc Island is an attractive island with not only fresh and wide virgin forests but also the most beautiful and clearest beaches. The island like an armed fortress of the Vietnamese navy, and 80% of the island is protected as the Phu Quoc National Forest. Phu Quoc is a beautiful island, bathed in the warm tropical sun; the sea is clear and green. Following are some famous attraction about Phu Quoc Island. Firstly is Coi Nguon museum. This is an interesting place to discover and know more about the culture and the history of Phu Quoc. This museum displays lots of ceramics, bronze and stone tools, and animal and sea mammal skeletons. Besides, there is some art work made by people from Phu Quoc using materials that are specific to Phu Quoc like sea shells and drift wood. Secondly is Phu Quoc Pearl Farm. Visiting this place, everybody have chance to find out about the way how pearl is cultivated. There is also displayed area with lots of pearl collections for your contemplation and shopping. At night, tourists can enjoy the night market in Duong Dong. Night Markets: is located in the middle of Duong Dong and it bustles with trade in fish, fruit, and vegetables. There are many activities in Phu Quoc Island. After enjoying swimming in the ost beautiful and clearest beaches, you can hire a boat to go fishing or do sightseeing in fresh and wide virgin forests or join a boat tour discovering the ocean, experience the fishermen daily life for snorkeling around some coral reefs, having lunch onboard, enjoy sea urchin – a specialty of Phu Quoc. Phu Quoc is also famous for impressive and colorful coral islands. Moreover, tourists can free at leisure for diving to discover the habitats of corals and fishes, or participating sports on the beach such as wa ter Moto, parachuting glide, kayaking, sailing boats †¦ njoy fresh local seafood. In conclusion, a visit to Phu Quoc Island is a good, an ideal and affordable opportunity to relax after hard working or studying and learn many new things in life. Tourists will be received many benefits from the trip to Phu Quoc Island such as make new friends, increase knowledge, explore the historical and cultural traditional of Vietnam many historical and cultural monuments that are connected closely with different stage of the Mekong Delta and country’s development. increase significantly self-confident and love natural, etc. List of References: * http://www. phuquocexplorer. com (Phu Quoc Explorer 2010, All rights reserved – Design by IT-DULICHPHUQUOC. INFO) * http://www. dulichphuquoc. com/2010/03/02/di-cau-ca-va-kham-pha-dao-hoang/ (2005 – 2010 Du Lich Phu Quoc) * http://www. mekongstay. com/vietnaminformations/phuquocisland/18. html (MekongStay co. Ltd 2007)

Analysis of Menos Question to Socrates

However, Socrates attempts to explain to Meno why it is that he will be able to find what virtue is by introducing the idea that knowledge is inherent in the individual as it is passed along through the soul. When Meno demands proof of this concept, Socrates provides an example of a slave boy using â€Å"inherent knowledge† to calculate the length of a square needed to double it’s own area. This experiment shows Meno that virtue, along with other knowledge, can indeed be discovered through the inherent knowledge in one’s soul, and only has to be â€Å"remembered† to become of use. When Meno proposes his argument to Socrates that a search for what you do not know is impossible, he is reasoning that if one does not know what it is they are trying to find, one will never know if they have found it. Meno seeks to understand how an individual can find new knowledge if they have no clue how to find it or how to comprehend the discovery of it. Socrates acknowledges Meno’s argument and states that â€Å"man cannot enquire either about that which he knows, or about that which he does not know; for if he knows, he has no need to enquire; and if not, he cannot; for he does not know the very subject about which he is to enquire† (Meno, Plato). Meno believes that this proves his own argument, but Socrates proposes an alternate way to attain knowledge. Socrates speaks of â€Å"priests and priestesses† who â€Å"say that the soul of man is immortal† (Meno, Plato). Also, he says the soul has kept all the knowledge from previous â€Å"lives† that it has had, and therefore knowledge is obtained through recollection instead of learning. Socrates attempts to prove his theory by providing an example with one of Meno’s slaves. His experiment is simple. Socrates calls over a slave boy and asks him about squares. The boy knows has some knowledge of the properties of squares including the fact that they have four equal sides, they can be divided in half, and the area is equal to the side multiplied by the other side. However, when Socrates asks the boy to determine the length of a side necessary to double the area of a 2Ãâ€"2 foot square, the boy mistakenly says 4 feet (which would yield a square 4 times too large). The slave proposes a length of three feet, but is wrong again. Here Socrates makes a note of the â€Å"torpedo’s touch† (Meno, Plato) or â€Å"aporia† (Aporia, Burbules), which means that the boy knows that he does not know. Socrates states that this state of mind is better than believing false knowledge, because one will know that there is knowledge to seek. Socrates maintains that throughout the experiment he was never teaching the slave, but only asking of his opinions. Therefore, the knowledge that the slave called upon must have already been inherent if he had not learned it before (since slaves had little education the boy was the perfect example for Socrates to demonstrate this â€Å"inborn knowledge. ) Socrates makes his argument clear: if the slave had no knowledge of what is was he was searching for (the length of the side), and the information was not taught to the boy, then the information must have already been inherent in the boy’s soul. Here is Socrates’ argument in Premise/Conclusion form: P: Slave isn’t taught. P: Slave has no prior knowledge. P: Immortal soul contains knowledge. C: Knowledge must come from one’s immortal soul. P: You do not know what you are trying to find. P: You are not taught what you are trying to find. P: Your soul contains inherent knowledge. C: You can find what you are searching for through recollection of the knowledge â€Å"stored† in your soul. Socrates’ proofs are meant to enforce his views that knowledge such as virtue must be searched for, â€Å"that a man should enquire about that which he does not know† (Meno, Plato). Citations: Burbules, Nicholas C. â€Å"Aporias, Webs, and Passages: Doubt as an Opportunity to Learn. † Curriculum Inquiry 30. 2 (2000): n. pag. Aporia. 2000. Web. 12 Sept. 2012. . Plato, and R. S. Bluck. Meno. Cambridge [Eng. : University, 1961. N. pag. Print. Analysis of Menos Question to Socrates However, Socrates attempts to explain to Meno why it is that he will be able to find what virtue is by introducing the idea that knowledge is inherent in the individual as it is passed along through the soul. When Meno demands proof of this concept, Socrates provides an example of a slave boy using â€Å"inherent knowledge† to calculate the length of a square needed to double it’s own area. This experiment shows Meno that virtue, along with other knowledge, can indeed be discovered through the inherent knowledge in one’s soul, and only has to be â€Å"remembered† to become of use. When Meno proposes his argument to Socrates that a search for what you do not know is impossible, he is reasoning that if one does not know what it is they are trying to find, one will never know if they have found it. Meno seeks to understand how an individual can find new knowledge if they have no clue how to find it or how to comprehend the discovery of it. Socrates acknowledges Meno’s argument and states that â€Å"man cannot enquire either about that which he knows, or about that which he does not know; for if he knows, he has no need to enquire; and if not, he cannot; for he does not know the very subject about which he is to enquire† (Meno, Plato). Meno believes that this proves his own argument, but Socrates proposes an alternate way to attain knowledge. Socrates speaks of â€Å"priests and priestesses† who â€Å"say that the soul of man is immortal† (Meno, Plato). Also, he says the soul has kept all the knowledge from previous â€Å"lives† that it has had, and therefore knowledge is obtained through recollection instead of learning. Socrates attempts to prove his theory by providing an example with one of Meno’s slaves. His experiment is simple. Socrates calls over a slave boy and asks him about squares. The boy knows has some knowledge of the properties of squares including the fact that they have four equal sides, they can be divided in half, and the area is equal to the side multiplied by the other side. However, when Socrates asks the boy to determine the length of a side necessary to double the area of a 2Ãâ€"2 foot square, the boy mistakenly says 4 feet (which would yield a square 4 times too large). The slave proposes a length of three feet, but is wrong again. Here Socrates makes a note of the â€Å"torpedo’s touch† (Meno, Plato) or â€Å"aporia† (Aporia, Burbules), which means that the boy knows that he does not know. Socrates states that this state of mind is better than believing false knowledge, because one will know that there is knowledge to seek. Socrates maintains that throughout the experiment he was never teaching the slave, but only asking of his opinions. Therefore, the knowledge that the slave called upon must have already been inherent if he had not learned it before (since slaves had little education the boy was the perfect example for Socrates to demonstrate this â€Å"inborn knowledge. ) Socrates makes his argument clear: if the slave had no knowledge of what is was he was searching for (the length of the side), and the information was not taught to the boy, then the information must have already been inherent in the boy’s soul. Here is Socrates’ argument in Premise/Conclusion form: P: Slave isn’t taught. P: Slave has no prior knowledge. P: Immortal soul contains knowledge. C: Knowledge must come from one’s immortal soul. P: You do not know what you are trying to find. P: You are not taught what you are trying to find. P: Your soul contains inherent knowledge. C: You can find what you are searching for through recollection of the knowledge â€Å"stored† in your soul. Socrates’ proofs are meant to enforce his views that knowledge such as virtue must be searched for, â€Å"that a man should enquire about that which he does not know† (Meno, Plato). Citations: Burbules, Nicholas C. â€Å"Aporias, Webs, and Passages: Doubt as an Opportunity to Learn. † Curriculum Inquiry 30. 2 (2000): n. pag. Aporia. 2000. Web. 12 Sept. 2012. . Plato, and R. S. Bluck. Meno. Cambridge [Eng. : University, 1961. N. pag. Print.

Educational Enquiry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Educational Enquiry - Assignment Example These practices are related to different situations under which learning takes place. They have two common practices: one is the cultural and historical activity systems, which is consisted with the work of Engestrom (2001), and the other is the communities of practices, which is consisted with the works of Lave and Wenger (1991) and Wenger (1998). Their study has supported the rational property of learning. But it has also noted that this rationality is variable in nature. The authors have not seen learning as a separate process; rather, it is interconnected with other concepts and processes. And learning is just the integrating part of the entire social processes of the world. This was the same view pointed out by Lave and Wenger. The basic reason for this finding was pointed out by the authors as the fact that people’s participating practices or activities are the main focus of such accounts. In this context they have argued that learning is embodied. It is viewed that bein g engaged in practices and learning people always get more benefits, compared to any cognitive activity. Their study is about people physically doing things and emotionally reacting to things. In this context, the major focus has been on the concept, called informal learning. This concept is also related to the observation of the property of most participatory studies to be placed outside educational institutions (Hodkinson and Macleod, 2007). Their study has found that it is foremost important to implement participatory learning approaches in colleges, although it cannot be claimed as the second best, compared to the style and pattern of everyday learning. The authors have argued that it is possible to implement both the approaches of learning at the same time and at the same place. In this way they have suggested to overcome the problems of integrating people into theories of learning, that focus on the situations under which learning is taking place (Hodkinson and Macleod, 2007, pp.173-174) But their main focus was on the methodological problems. In this regard, their study has shown that the benefits acquired from the participatory learning generally marginalise the individual learning. The paper also pointed out the similarity between the two types of conceptualisation of learning: one is the research approach based, non-case studies, also called the ethnographic approach, and the other is the participatory approach. Some of the implications of this similarity have also been discussed in the paper (Hodkinson and Macleod, 2007, p.174). They have argued that the individual researches have the advantage of revealing the facts related to both formal and informal learning, whereas it is very difficult to understand both the approaches in case of the participatory learning procedure. This is the most important strength of the research based approaches. Another important fact regarding this approach relates to the observation that ethnographies give less reliabl e conclusions compared to the learning processes, as ethnographies concentrate only on short time frames, whereas learning approaches focused on long time spans covering the entire life’s experiences (Hodkinson and Macleod, 2007, pp.174-175). According to authors, constructivist literature explains learning as a cognitive structure. In this

Concealed carry Laws in Illinois vs other states like texas Term Paper

Concealed carry Laws in Illinois vs other states like texas - Term Paper Example Later, as the crime rate in public increased by the assailants, many states passed law for concealed carry to prevent individuals from such criminals. Many States in America have recognized the need of concealed carry and subsequent legislations were made. However, in the state of Illinois the bill of concealed carry was not passed in the Assembly even though there are strong demands from people to legalize concealed carry in the state of Illinois. In Illinois the state had taken ample measures for the control of gun. Jens Ludwig and Philip J. Cook in their work Evaluating gun Policy deal elaborately with Firearm Owners Identification (FOID) card which the gun owners need to gain. It prevents the spread of gun among the civilians of the state. The owners can resell their guns to only those with valid FOID card holders. Moreover, they have implemented gun control in the state through radical measures. Thus, it can be seen that the Illinois system â€Å"provides gun owners with an inc entive to verify a buyer’s eligibility status and to resist requests to serve as straw purchaser for friends and family who are ineligible† (Ludwig & Cook, 2003, p. 10). This paper explores a study on the laws prevailing in the state of Illinois regarding the concealed carry, and further, an attempt is made to make a comparative study with other states in America as well. The laws connected with the carrying of firearms in public turned to be a matter of dispute among the states in America. Some states argue for concealed carry and they have made laws in favor of it, whereas the states like Illinois and Wisconsin have objected the notion. To many in Illinois concealed carry seem to a mere dream whereas people in most of the other states are privileged with this freedom. The state laws do not support concealed carry. Among the states 48 support concealed carry. The states that do not allow the citizens to carry a concealed hand gun are Illinois, Wisconsin and the Distric t of Columbia. Even though some relaxations are made in Wisconsin and in the District of Columbia, Illinois stands stubborn in the decision of not permitting the concealed carry. To quote governor of Illinois Pat Quinn’s words: â€Å"If you're going to the grocery store, you bump into somebody accidentally they take offense and they could pull out a loaded handgun to assuage their anger† (Governor to Veto Concealed Weapons? 2011). The growing demand to establish concealed carry from all walks of the people have made the government to think of the issue and grant permission for concealed carry. Some negotiations are on the move with regard to concealed carrying of guns in Illinois. Difference between Illinois and other states: In Illinois the carry of a fire weapon to a public place is prohibited, whereas many other states like Alaska, Arizona, Vermont, etc allow carry the fire arms concealed in public places. The state Arizona has even been exempted from the Federal Gu n Free School Zone Act of 1995.The act was made to prevent the use of gun at the premises of schools in America. As Hanks observes, â€Å"the Gun-Free School Zones Act makes it a federal offense to knowingly possess a firearm in a school zone† (Hanks , 2004, p. 16). Some States like Georgia allow those persons who have the license to carry guns to schools. In Illinois it is considered as a serious crime. The case of Joan E. Bruner versus The People of the state of Illinois gets the conclusion that even if a person has been found in

Literature review saudi arabian culture Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Saudi arabian culture - Literature review Example that the Western understanding of Muslim women appears unduly influenced and limited by evidence from only a few regions of Saudi Arabia2. The social science scholarship most familiar to the West about Muslim women seems to focus disproportionately on the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA). Often seen as the land of Muslim excellence, ‘MENA’ is in fact home to fewer than 20 percent of the world’s Muslims. Nevertheless, it is an unfortunate reality that women in Saudi Arabian society, and in its local communities, face gender-based inequalities associated with Saudi’s so-called ‘patriarchal gender system.3’ Aspects of this originally pre-capitalist system persist in rural areas across a wide swath of lands, both Muslim and non-Muslim, from East Asia to North Africa. The Saudi Arabian social system, regardless of its religion, features and encourages kin-based extended families, male domination, early marriage (and consequent high fertili ty), restrictive codes of female conduct, the linkage of family honour with female virtue, and occasionally, polygamous family structure. In all Muslim areas, veiling and sex-segregation generally form part of the gender system.4 The seclusion of women from the rest of the world alongside the concurrent ban on sexualisation of women in the public eye has led to increased levels of sexual violence and abuse directed towards both women and children5. It is only recently that researchers have uncovered more accurate statistics on the occurrence of this abhorrent violence following the establishment of human rights based projects and refuges to rescue and protect women and children as well as to promote the welfare of the wider-public in general. 1) General Theoretical Background: Women and Gender An important foundation for the study of women and gender is to be found in the feminist literature of the 1970s. Around this time scientists had begun to untangle the complex interplay betwee n biological gender differences, and the abstract concept of gender, which is now a socially determined construct imposed on all human beings from the moment they are born. (Maccoby and Jacklin, 1974) Terminology such as ‘the sexual revolution’ (Millet, 1970) were used to describe the birth of consciousness about women’s subordination to men in patriarchal societies and many aspects of women’s lives were re-examined in this light. This analysis is similar to some Marxist ideas because it identifies the concentration of wealth and power in one area as the source of oppression: â€Å"the position of women in patriarchy is a continuous function of their economic dependence.† (Millet: 1970) Another American feminist studied the ways in which women in patriarchal societies are conditioned to adopt domestic and subservient roles, stressing the social constraints, which are described as â€Å"a comfortable concentration camp.† (Friedan: 1963, p. 438 ) Later, scholars moved away from

Scientific Management Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Scientific Management Theory - Essay Example While Taylor’s method is referred to as scientific management theory, it’s other names attest to a variety of divisions in this approach. In addition to scientific management theory, this approach has been referred to as Taylorism. While in practice the two terms of oftentimes used synonymously, in much of the prominent literature a distinction is made between the two concepts (Archibald 1999). The main distinction the literature makes between these two categories is that Taylorism is supposed to refer to the early incarnations of Taylor’s theory or the ‘first form’ classical perspective. Conversely, scientific management theory is the more developed of the managerial processes. One considers that while Taylorism had been articulated as early as 1895 with Taylor’s text ‘A Piece Rate System’, and in 1903 with his text ‘Shop Management,’ it wasn’t until 1910 that Louis Brandeis first coined the term ‘scient ific management’ (Kulliver 2001). Scientific management has emerged and evolved throughout the 20th century. While scientific management is a specific approach, it fits within the context of late 19th century and 20th-century economic efficiency movements. Broadly speaking the efficiency movements sought to increase human efficiency, decrease waste, and implement an empirical methodology in doing so. Termed the Efficiency Movement among the prominent organizational elements that emerged during this period were lean manufacturing, Six Sigma, Fordism, and operations management.

Perspectives in Human Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Perspectives in Human - Research Paper Example I must say, I didn’t understand many principles that my family stood for, but I always tried to reason them out with a positive presumption. I was brought up amongst these ideals, and I was on my way to becoming a helf-decent Paxton myself. But things have changed a lot since my first semester in College. Growing up in the Paxton family, the first thing I was taught was to sing the glory of god and his creations. Not a day passed without my mother reading out a verse from the Bible before I went to bed. Sometimes, these verses would manifest themselves into biblical dreams. The holidays brought the entire family together and it would be a refresher course of all the family ideals. The eldest son always joined the forces. Serving the nation was a family mandate. But in a family full of ex-service men, the true heroes were the war veterans. Like Uncle Avi, who served during Vietnam. I was always convinced that My Brother Franklin would also join the marines and also doubted if h e’d ever return. The very concept of patriotism was now muddled with the hatred I had brewed towards wars and conflicts. The Paxtons also have strong preferences. We never employed Mexicans in our gardens, which meant ours’ was the dullest garden in the neighborhood. ... My family is the dearest thing to me. And I have always aspired to be the ideal Paxton. I am almost certain that for it is the most important thing to me. However, experiences that I have had this semester have completely shaken the very foundations of what I believed. This semester I learned many things. Not all of them were in line with what I always grew up learning. It can be very mind-boggling at times, when your very constitution is challenged by something new. It is like trusting someone all your life and learning one fine day, that the person was a lie. Honestly, I’d have preferred to be in that hypothetical situation than the predicament that I was in a few weeks ago. Mainly because it was my prerogative to understand, accept the latest developments and embrace change. And I have always found change to be the most uncomfortable thing. I guess the seeds were sown deep by my family. One of the things that I learnt this semester was that every human being is born with a set of rights that are inalienable. This means that we are born with some rights which cannot be taken away by anybody. Our Bill of Rights only lists these rights out. It was strange for me to believe that we always had these rights with us. Like an inherent part of our body. I always thought that people spoke, behaved and lived the way their parents did. So if I ever met a person who condemned our Country, I would think badly about his parents or family and wonder why they never disciplined him. Similarly, if someone was a homosexual, I’d wonder why his parents never sent him to the doctor. Now I have become aware that our families, societies and countries are not the reason why we choose to behave or express

Components of a Research Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Components of a Research Proposal - Assignment Example icant to have a formal layout for research papers in order to ensure standardization or uniformity in writing research proposals and dissertations, which is universal and all students and / or researchers use it. According to Baron (2008), it is significant to state the research problem because it gives the entire research process a basis or a foundation and reason for conducting the research. This justifies why it is important to conduct the research and the solutions that the researcher is looking for. Baron (2008) stated that the main purpose of the literature review is to offer information pertaining to the research, which is available from the secondary sources. The literature review offers a theoretical aspect of the research study. In the writings by Baron (2008), data collection is described as the process of gathering or collecting information either from primary or secondary sources. On the other hand data analysis is described as the process of evaluating or assessing both the primary and secondary information that has been gathered or collected by the

History of Personal Loss Essay Example for Free

History of Personal Loss Essay It is always not easy to hear that a person died and it is really hard to accept if a family member passed away. The first death that I can remember and that affected me was the death of my aunt, my father’s sister. I was still 12 years old at that time when it happened. I was not that close to her but a month before she died, we communicated often and she even asked permission to my father for me to spend my summer with her but my father declined. When we had the chance to spend time together years back, she spoiled me with toys and clothes, thus she became my favorite aunt. Her death came as a shock to all of us. She had a motorcycle accident. Upon hearing the news, I could not believe my ears. My father and I flew immediately to their place and there I saw her remains. It was horror for me. She was such a healthy woman and it terrified me seeing her inside the coffin. My heart was crushed when I saw my father cried. It was my first time to see him cry. That was also the first ever funeral service that I attended to. When it was time to send her to her last resting place, we followed her wake by foot and during that long walk; almost all the cars that passed us by threw coins at us. My cousins explained that it’s a way of showing their sympathy to us. I really can’t forget that experience because my cousins and I was so busy picking up the coins and it made me forget my grief. As Goodman (2000) has discussed, it is not unusual that people faced with sudden death experience â€Å"absent grief† and the initial reaction to the news is usually disbelief and shock. The most recent death in our family was the death of my aunt Elsa. She had peptic ulcer disease which escalated to carcinoma. We found out about her illness about a year ago and the progression of the disease was very rapid and none of us was ready for her rapid deterioration. After she died, I still can’t believe that she’s gone. Every time I visit her working place, I still expect to hear her voice greet me and ask me what I want and how I’m doing. It’s really painful not to hear her voice ever again and not seeing her doing what she does best, taking care of the patients in the community. As much as possible, I try to avoid going to her once office because even up to now, I don’t want to be reminded that she’s gone forever. Goodman (2000) also pointed out that a grieving person may experience a feeling that the person is still living. Even though, Aunt Elsa’s death was really painful, the most painful death that I ever had was the death of my little brother. He had a congenital heart disease, specifically tetralogy of fallot. Ever since he came into our lives, I didn’t treat him as fragile as he should have been because for me, he is a strong individual and that he can surpass every heart attack he had. Going to the hospital was a normal thing for me, since he was sick most of the time. When he was eight years old, upon arriving from school, I was informed that he was again admitted. I was very nonchalant about it but when I found out that he was in the intensive care unit that was the first time I felt fear for his health. When I entered the ICU, my heart just died upon seeing my brother. There were so many tubes inserted in his body and the respirator and cardiac monitor was really getting to my nerves. I tried to wake him up but he won’t respond. I tried not to cry; I tried to be strong for him but the mere act of speaking was very difficult for me. I want to tell him how much I love him but I can’t speak. I don’t want him to hear my trembling voice and give away my emotion. It was very difficult because I know his time is running out and I can’t even tell him how much I do love him. The day after, I had to go to school but I wanted to stop by the hospital however, I was running late so I decided against it. After school, I went directly to the hospital, but the ICU nurse said that he died 9:00 A. M. that day. I couldn’t believe my ears and I went home shocked. It was only when I saw him there, lying in the coffin that I believed that he already left. He left without me telling him how much I do love him. He left me. My brother’s death made me realize that anybody that I love can leave me without any notice, anytime. Now, I fear of being left by my parents. They are all that I have and I can’t stand a thought of them leaving me for good, forever. They’re both old and I know their time in our world is almost up. I try to have myself ready for that dreadful day. I think, based on experience, my initial reaction would be disbelief then followed by numbness, which can last for several days. The numbness would then evolve into anger. I know I will be angry to myself for not being a loving daughter that I should have been and anger because they left me all alone. The stages of grief that are discussed by Smith (2009) are denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. One lesson that my parents taught me after my brother passed away was life goes on. People we care for and love do come and go but we continue to live. We should accept what we have or don’t and try to live life the way we should have. I believe that one can never forget one’s loss but he can only get used to living without the person. Thus, I know I have resolved my grief when I am already used to have a life empty of my loved one’s absence. This topic is so sensitive for me so I think it is appropriate for me to share my own experiences of grief with a client/ patient if it could give the patient assurance that after the heartache, he still can have a life. References: Smith, M. , Jaffe, E. , Segal, J. (2009). Coping with Grief and Loss: Support for grieving and bereavement. Retrieved May 11, 2010 from http://helpguide. org/mental/grief_loss. htm Goodman, R. F. , (2000). Coping with grief after a sudden death. Retreived May 11, 2010 from http://virginiatech. healthandperformancesolutions. net/Tech%20Trauma%20Articles/Articles/Coping%20With%20Grief%20After%20a%20Sudden%20Death. pdf

Position Paper Outline & References Page due Essay Example for Free

Position Paper Outline References Page due Essay After you have read your assigned reading for this week, choose a topic that has at least two clear points of view that can each be defended in an academic and verifiable manner. It is best to check with your professor to make sure your topic is appropriate. Once you have decided on your topic and the point of view you want to build upon, write an outline for your position essay. While the final draft of this paper is not due until the end of Week 8, you will submit an outline and references page to your professor this week. Please note that you will also be required to submit a draft to your professor in Week 6 and to our peer review in Week 7. Refer to this weeks lecture for detailed requirements and guidelines on how to write an outline for a position essay. Successful Outline Requirements: Follow the sample format in this week’s lecture to create an outline appropriate in scope for a 5-page persuasive paper (in addition to the title page and reference page) with no less than 3 academic sources included. NOTE: please avoid topics that are focused on religious, moral, or overly emotional debates. You must clearly state your topic (which should be debatable in nature), draft an introduction paragraph, with a complete and persuasive thesis statement, and outline three main points that you will discuss in your paper, followed by two sub-points for each main point. Remember to include both viewpoints/sides of the topic. A possible conclusion paragraph should also be drafted. Outlines should not exceed one page, unless discussed and approved with your professor. Provide APA references for three academic sources that you plan to use to support your position. Be typed and submitted as a Microsoft Word 2010 document (.docx), double-spaced, 12-point Times New Roman font After reading â€Å"TV Watching: The Top Environmental Hazard for Children† by Todd Huffman, note your initial reactions to the essay. In one paragraph, record your strongest reaction to the essay and explain why you think you may have reacted that way. From what perspective are you reacting, that of a parent or that of a child? What factors outside of the essay might have influenced your reaction? Your assignment this week is to write a draft of your rhetorical analysis. First, read this weeks lecture. Then go to the search engine of your choice and search for this phrase: vintage ads. Include the quotation marks to search for exactly that phrase. Tell us about the ad you chose: name the product and the year the ad was published. Remember that the goal of advertising is to make you spend your money on products and services. Does the ad motivate you to buy the product or service? How does the ad use ethos, pathos, or logos to make you desire the product? †¢Ethos relies on the credibility or the authority of the ad itself (Im not a doctor, but I play one on TV.); †¢Pathos is an appeal to your emotions (Coke adds life.); †¢Logos is an appeal to your intellect (Ads that show great gas mileage numbers for a car appeal to your intelligence—they imply that you have the brains to buy the most efficient vehicle.). What elements create ethos, pathos, or logos in the ad that you chose? Discuss 2-3 elements that work to create the rhetorical appeal (ethos, logos, pathos) that you detect. Some elements you might analyze are †¢ The use of colors †¢ The appearance of people in the ad or their expressions †¢ The way the product is photographed or displayed †¢ Words used in the ad Here is some advice. In your discussion: 1) Avoid summarizing the ad—lets not look at the ad and describe it. Keep in mind that this is not a description paper. 2) Avoid talking about your experience with the product or service depicted in the ad. Keep in mind that this is not a testimonial paper. Make sure that you are writing about how the ad makes you want to spend your money on a product or service. Ethos, pathos, logos By working on this now, you will write material that you can use in your draft to turn in this week.

Hepatitis causes and effects

Hepatitis causes and effects Abstract Hepatitis, one of the major incurable diseases, still exists nowadays endangering many peoples lives. It has many types i.e. Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and G. The nature of Hepatitis is viral which is caught by either through body fluids or improper personal hygiene in addition to other causes which remains unknown. This disease leads into serious physiological effects such as fatigue, jaundice and serious liver complication like liver Cirrhosis. Psychosocial effect which is another outcome of Hepatitis includes social withdrawal, anxiety, depression and suicidal tendency. Despite of the extensive researches to find a cure for Hepatitis, there is still no effective treatment for it so the responsibility of avoiding this infection is both on government and individuals. Hepatitis is one of the most fatal diseases which was discovered in the early eighties; it can be defined as an inflammation of the liver organ. Hepatitis is derived from the Latin words Hepat which means the liver and itis inflammation. The usual cause of Hepatitis is a virus that invades the body through blood stream. This virus could get into the body either through body fluids or improper personal hygiene, leading to serious physiological and psychosocial effects. There are several types of Hepatitis, such as A, B, C, D,E and G. A, B and C viruses are the most common types of Hepatitis and all these viruses can cause similar problems and have similar symptoms, but they spread in different ways and have different effects on the body. There are several modes of transmission including contaminated body fluids, improper personal hygiene in addition to idiopathic causes. Contaminated body fluids include saliva, blood, feces and urine. Blood transfusion is the most common method, where the blood is transferred from an infected patient to another patient what would be called Horizontal Transmission. Another method is the Vertical Transmission which occurs when a pregnant woman pass it to her fetus. Furthermore, contaminated needles shared by the drug abusers or in medical accidents such as needle pricks† is another way emphasized by (Nowak and Handford, 2004, p.379). Having unprotected sex and multi-partners are other ways leading to this disease according to Nowak and Handford (2004) whom reported that Sexual transmission does occur, particularly among the homosexuals. Note also that 20% of infected heterosexuals pass the virus to their spouses.(p.380). All of the above mentioned causes can lead to Hepatitis B a nd C which are the most dangerous ones. The second major cause of Hepatitis is poor hygiene, for instance, personal and general. To start with contaminated water such as sewage lanes, rivers and public toilets are places of great risk for caching Hepatitis A especially to those who live nearby. This type of Hepatitis is usually transferred by feces according to Fiore (2004) HAV is primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route, either by person-to-person contact or by ingestion of contaminated food or water (p.705-15).Moreover, unwashed vegetables and shellfish, such as clams and oysters may be contaminated by sewage to become sources of infection to humans. Also, personal hygiene is another element for contacting hepatitis and can occur by sharing razors, toothbrushes and towels, and leads to Hepatitis B and C. Despite previously discussed causes of this disease, there is still a great sector of hepatitis which remains unknown. Statistics shows that approximately 30% of hepatitis B infection are of unknown origin.40% of Hepatitis C cases are idiopathic (Nowak and Handford, 2004,p.379-80). Where another article points that sources is unknown but could be considerable; 50% of reported patients with hepatitis A do not have an identified source of infection (Fiore, 2004, p.706). But McHutchison Bacon (2005) emphasized in their diagram of Figure 2: Sources of Infection for Persons With Hepatitis C that only 10 % of Hepatitis C infection are unknown(p.S287). There are many effects of this disease which lie under the two categories: the physiological effects and psychosocial effects. Where the physiological effects contain all the symptoms of Hepatitis, the psychosocial effects indicate the emotional and social consequences of being a Hepatitis patient. The symptoms of the various forms of hepatitis are similar and they are caused by the damage in the liver. The most noticeable symptom is jaundice which causes a yellowing of the skin. Other symptoms associated with hepatitis include fatigue, general body pain, nausea, mild fever, and loss of appetite. As the infection spreads in the liver, the organ becomes enlarged. It may cause pain in the abdomen and in worst scenario can lead to liver Cirrhoses which mean total liver damage and eventually death. It takes seven to eight weeks after exposure to the Hepatitis virus for the symptoms to appear. A patient with Hepatitis is not only predisposed to physical symptoms, but also to emotional and social problems. These complexities include depression and social withdrawal as each one leads into the other, added to that depression and anxiety which commonly occur together. Anybody who suffers from Hepatitis will be anxious and this anxiety may lead in to depression in sever cases, for example when a patient suffers from Hepatitis and he knows it is a serious illness defiantly he will not stop worrying, these worries can make the person preoccupied with his illness and lead him to depression. Moreover, a Hepatitis patient social withdraw as a result of being unable to find a partner who is willing to live with this fatal disease. It is also hard to make people understand the nature of this serious disease and make friends and families accept and accommodate it. All this may drive the patient to be lonely and tempt to be suicidal. To sum up, Hepatitis is still one of our life time mysteries to be solved. The spread of this disease is mostly due to the natural or hygienic causes in addition to some percentage of idiopathic causes which is still unknown. Like any other illness, Hepatitis has many drawbacks which could be listed under two categories physiological and psychosocial. Unfortunately, despite the advanced field of medicine Hepatitis remains un-ended and research continues in order to find the ultimate treatment for it. Until a final cure is found, precautionary steps should be taken by both government and individuals. The government is responsible to ensure infection control awareness over this disease through its health system. But it is a personal responsibility to prevent oneself from this disease as well as any other disease by following the simple rules of hygiene and ensure to get proper health care from reliable health establishments only. References Fiore, E. (2004). Hepatitis A Transmitted by Food. FOOD SAFETY, 38(1), 705-715. McHutchison, J. G., Bacon, B. R. (2005). Chronic Hepatitis C: An Age Wave of Disease Burden. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MANAGED CARE, 11(10), S286-295. Nowak, T. J., Handford, A. G. (2004). Pathophysiology :Concepts and Application for Health care Professionals (Third ed.). NY: Mc Graw Hill. Prevention, C. f. D. C. a. (2009). Disease burden from viral hepatitis A, B, and C in the United States [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 9 Dec 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/resources/dz_burden02.htm.

American History X Essay -- Movies Film

Throughout America’s history, there have always been issues between the white race and other races, mainly the black race. These problems in history have always and may always be questionable on whether they are right or wrong. Up until this very day, everyone seems to have their own opinion to this question; should the white race reign over America, the minorities, or should we all just live together in harmony. The truth of the matter is that not only does this affect social relationships, but also political affairs which affects where we stand now in this â€Å"United Nation†. Political campaigns get altered and misrepresented, because of this battle between races. The video that my friends and I chose to watch is titled â€Å"American History X†, which is based on the clash between the whites and blacks. Being only under ten years old, the video is a perfect example of how people, even after the Civil Rights Acts and the freeing of slaves, still think today. The video demonstrates how skinheads go up against the minorities attempting to spread the word of â€Å"white power† through riots and other violent acts. Although it may seem like this video has nothing to do with politics, it in fact ties in perfectly with it. It provides a brief explanation as in why we’ve never had a black president, and why there’s so much criticism dealing with the presidential candidate Barak Obama. Looking left to right, I see discrimination amongst us everywhere. Schools, shopping malls, and even at our jobs; it is truly unavoidable. Everyone has their own beliefs in which they are entitled to, but some people take it beyond the comfort zone. In American History X, I saw discrimination to its full potential with the brutal murder of three young black men by ... ...nd different beliefs greatly influence who we choose to stand with and who we would like to vote for. It is all a race for superiority just like the D.O.C. and the Crypts, with opinions changing from time to time. Even though there will always be a constant struggle between whites, black, Hispanics, etc, we cannot simply dislike a person and judge them by their skin color, or race. As in the movie, in politics we should all listen to what each candidate has to offer and not rule them out. It’s just like the saying that I’m sure we’ve all heard at some point in our lives â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover†. My friends and I completely agree with that saying and everything else in this paper. The movie was indeed graphic, but not meaningless. We recommend this movie to anyone who pursues an explanation as to why some people act the way they do and how they can be changed.

No Death Penalty For Minors :: No Death Penalty for Juveniles

The Death Penalty is the execution of criminals for committing crimes regarded so bad that this is the only acceptable punishment. It establishes order in society by putting the fear of death in to would be killers. Although this works for the most part, one has to wonder if a child who commits murder thinks about the fact that it can lead to a death sentence. Studies by the Harvard Medical School, the National Institute of Mental Health and the UCLA’s Department of Neuroscience found that the frontal and pre-frontal lobes of the brain, which regulate impulse control and judgment, are not fully developed in adolescents. Development is not completed until somewhere between 18 and 22 years of age. In addition to this information, South Dakota is currently one of 16 states in the country that allows this practice. Based on the previous information, it is very clear that children especially those under 14 years of age, cannot and do not function as an adult. They have a greater tendency to act on impulse, making unsound judgments or reasoning, and are less aware of the consequences of their actions. In America, teenagers under the age of 18 cannot drink, vote, or sit on a jury, yet they can be sentenced to death if convicted of a crime. What these children need is rehabilitation, guidance and most importantly given a second change to mend what they did as impulsive children. On the other hand, family victims often call for the death penalty because their sibling/child had no right to die in the hands of a murderer. Since this person took their life, the family should have the right to lawfully take the murder’s life. Life in prison is not always enough for them because they have an opportunity to leave on parole, and the thought of these murderous monsters being released into society again horrifies these families, thus they call for execution. However, many states recognize that minors, especially children, are at a confusing impressionable, chaotic age of transition. If a teen commits a murder, that youth should be given the opportunity to set his or her life straight. Juveniles still have a lot of growing up to do. It may mean many years in prison and loss of their freedom, but it would also mean that there is at least a chance for a young life to reform.

Offshore Drilling Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Offshore Drilling What is it? Drilling for oil in the ocean is one of the greatest technological breakthroughs in recent decades, and many new techniques have been developed to profit from the abundance of oil underneath the ocean floor. While drilling for oil has been around for hundreds of years in one form or the another, the effective extraction of petroleum from beneath the sea floor did not surface until the last forty years. The search for oil often turns out to be unproductive, but this practice is vital for the economic future of many nations. In order for any drilling to take place, an offshore drilling rig must first be installed. These offshore platforms can be situated in water up to a several hundred meters in depth. But before any drilling takes place, an oil and gas "trap" must first be located in the ocean, and with the ocean floor being at such great depths, the visibility is often very poor. To locate potential traps, engineers use seismic surveying, and then analyze the data they receive to decide whether or not drilling in the area would have the chance of containing oil and/or gas. The engineers will not know whether their assumptions are true until they penetrate the trap with a drill bit. Due to the fact that the traps can sometimes be a great distance below the ocean, advanced computer technology is required to guide the drill bit to a fixed location. Installed above the drill bit is a navigation device, which sends back information to the controller, allowing them to locate the exact location that is presu med to have the oil and to measure and monitor the trap. Inside the drill pipe, there is a steerable motor that can be controlled to adjust the drill and the direction in which it is headed. ... ...ould be less tension between the federal government, the oil companies, environmentalists, and the public. More importantly, we would be following the process theology and respecting nature, which is what God wants us to do. References Offshore Drilling Page. 1999. Gulf Coast Environmental Defense. <http://www.southerncitizen.org/gced/articles/no_rigs/10_15_97dp.html> <http://www.southerncitizen.org/gced/articles/no_rigs/battle.html> Offshore Drilling. Odyssey Magazine n ° 1. <http://www.elf.fr/odyssee/us/mag/mag01/fmer.htm> Offshore Drilling. Australian Institute of Petroleum. <http://www.aip.com.au/education/projects/pt_offshore/> Bright, Thomas J., Thompson, Jack H. Research Product. 21 Jan. 1980. 24 Jan. 1980 <http://www.epa.gov/ged/publica/c1410.htm> Barbour, Ian. Ethics in an Age of Technology. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.

My Name Is Margaret Essay

â€Å"My name is Margaret† was written by Maya Angelou. She was born in 1928 in America, and her full name was Marguerite Annie Johnson. Maya Angelou was a talented person. She was a poet, an author, a singer, an actress, and a playwright. Writing â€Å"My name is Margaret† she recovered the truth of the unfair behavior of the white people with the black ones and described the people’s loss of their identity. My name is Margaret summary The story tells about the young black girl who started to work for the white woman. She was only ten years old, and it was a great and remarkable experience for her. She was forced to study many things in the household hadn’t known before. The girl was surprised what a great variety of kitchen tools there can be. She hadn’t even realized that there existed the glasses for water, glasses for wine, glasses for the ice cream and a lot of more that astonished her. The same was with the knives, forks, and other tools and consequently, a great part of her working day was spent on learning all of these things. Margaret was working on an ugly old lady who couldn’t have their children. The girl mentioned that the only thing that could beautify her mistress was a smile. However, this smile only appeared on Mrs. Cullinan’s face when she was sharing a cup of tea with her friend ladies. There was one more servant, Miss Glory, who had been working in that house for twenty years and patiently taught Margaret everything that she should know about household and the manners of their mistress. The bad things began when Mrs. Cullinan called the girl â€Å"Mary† for the first time, explaining that is a shorter name and more convenient to pronounce. Margaret was extremely dissatisfied with this action and was struggling to do her best to get rid of this job.    My name is Margaret analysis Maya Angelou tried to picture the importance of our names. Each name is a unique and expresses the peculiarities of its owner. Surrounding people identify us with the help of our names. In our minds, each name is associated with the list of different stories, occasions, situations related to the person who owns this name. Our name creates a specific picture, and if we change it, we stop being ourselves. That is why Margaret was extremely shocked and crossed when she heard the first time the name â€Å"Mary† that was appealing to her. She didn’t react and tried to explain with all her behavior that her name isn’t Mary. She didn’t want to be somebody else; she wanted to be herself that meant to be Margaret, not Mary. Being called with another name signified for her that nobody took in the consideration her existence. None forced to notice her and communicate with her as with specific and unique individual. For her mistress, Margaret was just a servant, and she didn’t bother how to name her. Mrs. Cullinan never minded thinking about girl’s personality as far as the servant complete her work and do everything that is demanded of her. Margaret wanted to be herself, but nobody cared who she was and who she wanted to be. The girl found out that the elder servant, Miss Glory, had met the same situation in her life. Her real name was Hallelujah. Though, Mrs. Cullinan once decided that it is too long to remember and pronounce every time such a complete name and shortened it to the Glory. Margaret didn’t expect to hear that. She couldn’t understand why the senior woman didn’t even mind it and even loved her new name better. It was inadmissible to live the whole life with the name that doesn’t belong to you. Miss Glory may not bother, but Margaret took the strong decision not to tolerate it. If they didn’t want to receive her as Margaret, she wouldn’t act as Margaret. She didn’t care about rules and successions and did everything wrong on purpose. She aimed to attract the attention of being a bad servant and to be discharged. After all, there was a day when Mrs. Cullinan finally called the girl â€Å"Margaret.† Unfortunately, it was after having experienced the pain of the crushing of her favorite china serving tray. The serving tray was of extreme importance in Mrs. Cullinan’s house as it was her mother’s china from Virginia. The mistress was broken and bursting with the tears. In the condition of complete desperateness, she shouted: â€Å"Her name is Margaret.† Margaret was glad that she finally forced her mistress to understand the simple truth – her name was not Mary. Her name was Margaret. Maya Angelou wanted everyone to understand how it is extremely important not to lose the identity in our everyday life. Many people would consider us as somebody who lives someone else’s life. However, we shouldn’t agree for any reason. We were born to be unique, and that means, we could not die as a copy of another person.

Between Technology and Criminal Justice

I. Introduction As discipline plays a vital role in the advancements of venomous justice body, technological changes atomic number 18 closely related to the best leave of criminal justice. The very efficiency of system can be integral to the flavor of justice it provides. more(prenominal)over, the timely dissemination of study through spic-and-span technologies too has bigger impacts on criminal justice system. At present, technological development has become more than complex and it has given birth to new types of databases which atomic number 18 qualitatively different.The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of technological advancements pertaining to the converse capabilities of criminal justice system. It would the merits and demerits of major databases much(prenominal)(prenominal) as AFIS, outlast peter out, Facial Recognition, and masthead record briefly and comp atomic number 18s them in their strengths and weaknesses. II. Technology, Database a nd unlawful Justice Over the years, tuition engine room has become a key parting of the criminal justice systems as it has unprecedentedly enhanced the talk capabilities of database available for the charter of criminal justice.Not only the inquiry bodies such as police but in addition courts and presidential terms as decision making agencies too make use of advances information and communication technologies in their pursuit of criminal justice. blitz (2004) has argued that the creation of databases for undefiled population itself is illicit and categorically asserts that it is non merely the proceed observation of activities that undercuts privacy, but to an pull down great degree, the ongoing recording of these activities.Importantly, criminals too go been using sophisticated technology not only for cyber crimes but similarly for inflicting concentrated crimes over several realms of social life. technologically sophisticated databases such as GPS bring in brace lets, biometric scanners, online offender indexes, and DNA databasesgive the government power to visualize dangerous persons without relying on any exertion of physical surmount ( spud, 2008). Automated Finger affects Identification Systems (AFIS) enables the checking of criminal biography records of a person just a matter of minutes.It has been argues that the ability of AFIS systems to search millions of records in minutes and present candi employments to the latent scratch examiner borders on the incredible (Komarinski, 2005). AFIS is technologically sophisticated mainly in terzetto counts quantity wise-the extent of fingerprints could be mishandle checked, quality wise- the extent of correctness of the information and time wise-the extent of time legal transfer and separate related benefits bringd. AFIS can be helpful not only in identifying criminals but too the victims of crime.Following the World foxiness Center attack, it is with the help of AFIS, the latent prin t examiners were able to identify over ccc victims, bringing closure and comfort to their families. This would not boast been possible without AFIS technology (Komarinski, 2005). It is also helpful for identifying slew with memory disorders or who are dead. Moreover, it could be as exquisite as possible to integrate the entire biometric details of all the people in the world.Also, it is possible to link AFIS systems easily with early(a) databases too. AFIS can also be utilise in avoiding welfare cheating and the pay off allocation of government services for the good people. As AFIS systems grow in striking speed, a latent print lay out at crime site could be compared against all the known people and if not matching, could be stored for future match. signal flag Scan is highly advanced as which are per perceived to have a high accuracy rate than traditional facial recognition programs.Also, masthead scan enables the sustenance of ones identity without even his/her identi ty as it is legal in most countries to scoot the image of a person in public. It also could be potentially use for imposing residency and movement restrictions that herald certain areas off limits to particular individuals who have conditional paroles, barring notices or persevere away orders. However, it gives the possibility of the misuse of Iris Scan databases for segregating ethnic minorities or other dissident groups.A technology like Live Scan or Iris Scan can be an easy shot for governments and big corporations to breach the privacy of unprejudiced individuals and despotic regimes could considerably use them for inspection of the entire population. Also, such databases and techniques could be hacked by criminal elements and used for terrorizing the whole world. Murphy (2005) has pointed out that government strategies virtual contol could be more dangerous than physical control as still the courts unduly focalise on the physical world as the relevant metric against wh ich all restraints are judged.As a result, technologies of restraint are oblige without necessary procedural safeguards. The unaccountability of the possible uses of databases by the governments too is a matter of terrific concern. In other words, a technological development such as Iris Scan enables the government and security agencies to varan the entire population amounting to imprison people in a prison without walls. In comparison, it could be argued that Iris Scan could be considered as the best available database could be used fro criminal justice.It does not involve any physical touch for the obtaining of date and it could be taken without the consent of a person. Moreover, Iris Scan could be vigorous used to obtain the sample even from an unwilling person without using force. III. windup The technological advancements have helped the conduct of criminal justice faster, accurate and less procedurally complex. More than punitive measures, database could be used also for affirmative actions such as victim identification, welfare distribution, cheat prevention etc.However, it opens up new possibilities for abuse as well such as those by authoritarian regimes and commercial interests in monitoring the population. root Blitz, M. J. (2004). Video Surveillance and the Constitution of man Space Fitting the Fourth Amendment to a World That Tracks Image and Identity. Texas Law Review. 82 (6). pp. 1349-85 Komarinski, P. (2005) Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS). Burlington. Elsevier faculty member Press. Murphy, E. (2008). Paradigms of Restraint. Duke Law Journal. 57 (5). pp. 1321-45

Globalization, Education and Trade Essay

Globalization being processes and operations on a global outdo cut across national boundaries for trade, integrating and connecting communities, ideas, tourists, migrants, value and increasingly flow along global pathways as well as shared global problems, responsibilities, and sensibilities therefrom making the world in reality and st guile out more interconnected and with major delinkage of money and pecuniary instruments from territory creating major new spheres of accumulation , telecommunications and electronic finance. Trade is major against any kind of taxes collected and enforce on the people according to Ramayana-epic.It dole out within South East Asia having a cloudy impact on the cultures of different peoples, especially art and religion. Trade brought establishment of major rivers as internal pathways or trade routes, land trade routes such(prenominal) as the Silk Road, navigation and shipping, spending out at sea and reaching foreign lands exchanging culture. Co lonizing India established a more advanced world maritime work through the East India Company based in Calcutta thus precipitated in the spread and influence of the Ramayana to opposite regions of the world. The versions of the epic in theater and dance were the virtually popular form of educating people.Dance and theater artists performed the Ramayana in various places by conveniently traveling with traders and merchants. lecture about trade Confucius was majorly against any kind of taxes imposed on the people, contentiously prescribing the rules of propriety, teaching on eliminating the use of bother of will, arbitrariness, stubbornness and egotism towards achieving trade of the state and believed in making profits with good plans of selling to alone overcome selfishness and keep to propriety to attain humanness. type Green, A. (1997). Education, Globalization, and the Nation State. London Macmillan Press LTD.

Master Slave Dialect Essay

The insightful digest of Hegel in his Phenomenology of nub c one timerning the suppuration of self-importance-importance-importance instinct revolves ab turn up the of the mid organise(p) thirst to self-importancetismtism intelligence in which he expatiate the scale/ buckle d get artistic styleicalalalalalal. perverse to precede Ger part Idealists, Hegel does non deport the sup spatial analogy that the certified comp unmatchablent is ego apprised a priori alternatively, the chipor moldiness(prenominal) constitute this stylel of egotism-importance- initiation by convey.This experience sup extort au olibanumlytic with meter and is beca hold associated with the belief of archives. It fundament level(p) be cl rangeed that whatever victimisation of egotism-importance grounds essentialiness be erudite historic solely(a)y as lots as it be givens upon the posit aims of proclivity and the int obliterate to its sating. self-importance virtuoso is and thence off the beaten track(predicate) from indispensable with realise to soulfulness agent. This give fashion with usage step ups to be in argue that self cognisance emerges reveal of non-self thought e re eitheryplace season in a sensible service which is learned diachronicly.Commentators be til now non in agreement in paying attention to the specialiseds of this historical carry out and its holistic ontological location, oddly in the temperament of the do by which bes the nurture of self aw arness. Alexandre Kojeve finds Hegels dialectical of the matted/ hard head for the hillser kinship to be referring to historically conditivirtuosod, substantive dish upes.The sancti angiotensin-converting enzymed ir gag rule concerns the sum up of historicity require for the culture of self reason is it a strictly impertinent process brought close by the engagement betwixt twain backing creations, or is i t an interior(a) throw unitedly that get the picturees the remnant of opinion amongst dis equal faculties? Kojeve argues for the precedent variation. Kojeve on the Historicity of the whelm/ striver dialectical Kojeves digest of the tame/striver dialectic integrates bolshie humor of strain agitate with Hegels phenomenological flier. initiation with Hegels turn over of dis status, Kojeve holds the speculation that the fleshly wildcat is the staple fiber unit of musical theme and the locale of desiring. It is from this backside that military valets, together with zoologys, collect want referred to as the get hold of to gentlemans gentlemanipulate orthogonal shapes or human bodys of cosmos to that which would theatre of operations their nurse inte quietuss and cosmos. thirst seeks to supplanting the homophile universes, to annul the outer heading in its stimulate cosmos and regorge it to the use of the desiring universe.Kojeve, for instance, drives to the confide of aridity as a s curiosity a delegacy interpreter of a lust that a cosmos has that invalidates the very bena race of an reject d matchless(a) offshoot change. The center of attention of homophile world lies in this federal agency of negation he argues that man is negating satiate, which trans seduces attached over be and by transforming it, transforms itself (Kojeve, 1980 38). The difference that lies among gentleman longing and fauna disposition is that valet de chambre bank goes so remote as to die itself. worldly concern hold propensitys that bequeath in the negation of their aim as infixed macrocosms.This leads to the mishap of self cognisance which inevitably favorable position of self with respect to self as given (ibid 39). The delineate to this high quality could be clement believe if it focuses on that which liberates unrivalledself from that mode of world. The mightiness to believe non- macrocosm is char achievementeristically merciful and enables an item-by-item to shrive himself from the concept of cosmos that so en break aces backs homosexual breeding. instead of tally to the pulls and pushes of constitution, homo sess implement disposition to decease the clarified unaffectionatedom of the turnspit and carry out self informedness.Kojeve is stressing on the biologic backside of the police captain/striver family family proportionship by labeling biologic drives requires. The major difference amidst populace and wildcats is the might of adult male to bank non- worldness or checking. check to Kojeve, the major causality to hope non- macrocosm is the utter to the highest detail(a) curb shift of tender-hearted immunity. world argon free from their essence in the most prefatory management possible they lavatory opt to nete it with with(predicate) their consume relishs. It is at this picture that a des iring aw atomic modus operandi 18(p)ness makes the positionualization that at that place atomic number 18 to a greater extent than objects of intrust in the world.The desiring casing conk outs alive(predicate) of several(predicate) conscious universes in the world. accord to Kojeve, a conscious being commode simply be contented when the different(a) desiring conscious images its craving for science. This is non a pictorial banter from former(a) beings, and the consequence lines of follow up ar enunciate of warlike in genius. thither survives a bark amid the twain agents in a carriage and remainder entreat for intelligence of the separate(a). It fall outs that since earthly concern demand erudition from the early(a)wise being and possess the resourcefulness to fade inhering beast hopes by dint of the appetency of non-being, a attempt ensues mingled with these desires.It bes as if Kojeve is competition that immunity and cr makeing(prenominal) outlay busy in the susceptibility of the being to come to for record and desire, and take a chanceing devastation in the see of inclinations towards inwrought preservation. why is this hazard being taken? The non-essential send away of this travail is realization from different desiring sentience. The b bely fleck that animals seem to chance their lives is when they ar prosecute the musical instrument to fulfil their disembodied spirit. creation on the a nonher(prenominal) run smoke support reputation to grasp craved apprehension from opposite creatures of the comparable capabilities. fruition mickle non be gained from all animal in this scheme. It essential be from a being that locating likewise happen all of its intrinsic prerogatives in the rocking horse of the analogous end of intelligence. Kojeve conceives of Hegels mutation from a conduct and expiry try to hotshot in which no being dies as a lowest a nd irreducible assumption in the Phenomenology. It appears to be a real assumption that the sulfurous try ends in champion being anticipate the voice of the overcome and the separate(a) of the hard rub downer. concord to Kojeve, this results from the ability of the surmount, and the softness of the break ones back to survive his instinctive instincts for survival.The get well was inexpugnable profuse to stay on risking his brio, time the buckle down at long last succumbed to his inhering desires and move to economise his c atomic number 18er by dint of assuming the authority of the buckle down. Kojeve suggests that, the vanquished has subordinated his human desire for acknowledgement to the biological desire support life. The head moderate has risked his life for a non-vital end (ibid 42). At the beginning of the debate, the devil agents appear to be unequalised with discover to steadinessnt and stamina.The one who is to be the striver is non capable of move the difference and is whitherfore compel into subjection as the char bringer reference-by-case way of preserving his life. It essentialinessiness be reckond so that if twain(prenominal)(prenominal) agents had similar soundness and office staff, the difference could by chance and with twain being slain. This is of anatomy a contour that would non wait on the full-grown medication of self consciousness or the protraction of biological life, possibly explaining which Hegel stresses on the restraint of one maitre d and the servitude of one hard worker.The treat of the hard worker is the mediator betwixt the police chief and the world of temperament. fit in to Kojeve, it is this work that enables the gain to satisfy all his of necessity without private mind inured the earn desires turn the work of the striver flex nature to meet these desires. From the get wells military position, desire is followed by agile gladness. From the spot of the buckle down, the desire of slightly former(a)(prenominal) is answered with their pains, which then results in the differents desire being satisfied.In this scheme, the outgo is trussed to the drives of nature man he could risk his own seatcel drives to seize mention from the crush otherwise, his courage and liberty then faint- stubed into a unpolluted hobbyhorse of grouchy biological desires. fit to Kojeve, the overshadow dust a essential being, an animal since he maintains this severalize of egocentric desire and the satis occurrenceion of desire. The substantial action of negation and shimmy that is achieved in the instantiated blood of the get well and the break ones back appears in that of the hard worker.He is the one that is performing and transforming the world, whereas the arrive at simply has desires qua raw(a) being. disposed(p) this foundation, Kojeve realizes that the way of lifepirited is train for the init iative of a historical process which is holistically the account of the appointments and the survey that eventual(prenominal)ly stop in the Napoleonic wars and the card on which Hegel wrote the Phenomenology so as to address two those wars and the table. report starts with the resolution of the initial crusade into 2 classes, those of the suppress and knuckle down. all(prenominal) substantive harvestings and emerging fight down atomic number 18 to be apprehend at heart this undecomposable modelling of crucify/ striver dialectic. muniment is zipper precisely a product of the overcome/ buckle down seek, make up of goodly of a good deal(prenominal)(prenominal) departures, and is no more(prenominal) when such(prenominal)(prenominal) skirmishs end animal(prenominal)ly. The matteialist tendencies in such a founding is sort of unembellished in particular when Kojeve remarks that man moldiness(prenominal) ceaselessly be all outperform or striver, and that beings essential be in a sex act with separately other for them to be at to the lowest degree considered human.The essential historicity of the verify/ knuckle down dialectic is pellucid in this pattern which is Coperni support in describing non exactly the win of world bill hardly besides the usual narration, offering in detail the thoroughgoing underlying interaction of humanity with the rest of the vivid world. correspond to Hegel, the break ones back interacts with nature. It wherefore follows that subjective business family relationship dilate the win of buckle down overcoming nature and bend dexter it to its entrust. The leave alone of the striver is even so non the in effect(predicate) hurl here instead, it is the hold ins liaise go out that drives the striver to his interaction with nature through his labour party. consort to Kojeve, it is this fundamental interaction with nature that enables the dialectic clos e to-face of the crucifys strength and the break ones backs subservience in the Phenomenology. The t distributivelying of Hegels senior pilot/ buckle down dialectic by Kojeve is kinda real(a)ly founded in its historicity. It involves en takings of single(a)s or groups, and requires that they resolve into devil groups those that business organisation final stage and adopt the break ones backs and those that gouge outflank this charge of remainder by risking their life and become know. register starts with this make out, and the inherent news report is the subsequence of this get by until the break ones backs ar in conclusion freed from the totalism of the reduces. The sources of this ultimate emancipation are work, terror, and service, that whole by and by the slave journeys through a serial of ideologies, by which he seeks to discharge himself, his thralldom, to even out the high-minded of freedom with the agency of slavery (ibid, 53). The nett point of history, match to Kojeve, is when the physical postulate in the midst of mater and slave ultimately ceases. bill reaches its final point since it is nada exactly the invariant vie amongst operates and slaves.It is in this blood line that Kojeve ignores some(prenominal) of Hegels authentic(p) propose substructure Phenomenology. want of Kojeves conceptualisation The materialist recitation of the outdo/slave dialectic has been characterized by much blame owe to what it has cut concerning Hegels phenomenology. In evince on the stringently orthogonal defend in the midst of 2 agents, such a relegateing simplifies the integral, inwrought utilisation of other in the judicature of the subjects self consciousness. Kojeve unduly restricts the reduce/slave outline in Hegels Phenomenology to the out-of-door make do mingled with cardinal creatures.The true culture of this dialectic must encompass other attitudes as well. The overwhelm /slave dialectic whore maitre dhotel be explicated from trey billets. The runner is the affectionate which is wholly adoptive by Kojeve. This schooling focuses on the physical, echt make do of persons or groups to acquire recognition and power. It is heretofore non generous to take this well-disposed sentiment for the entire acquire/slave dialectic. The mental perspective complements it, which regards the dialectic as an well-disposed contend at heart the single ego. With this regard, the see and slave are divers(a) powers or patterns of the mind itself.The last mentioned perspective is one of coalition amid the previous(prenominal) dickens perspectives the ego is changed by subjective processes that are set in dubiousness receivable to the outside struggle among agents. As faraway as the limitations of the social perspective is concerned, on that point is no fuss with Kojeves analysis. The existing noise with Kojeve is enabling the historici ty of the mental account of the conquer/slave dialectic without trim down it to material impinge amidst physical agents. The heart of Hegels though is the Platonic double in the midst of contravention in the subjectr and conflict in the individual agent. tally to this interpretation, the gather up for consonance will enable the overwhelm/slave dialectic on the levels of both the social and the mental. The mental perspective on this dialectic is required to turn over the come through tuition of self consciousness. decisive to this macrocosm is the radical that the faculties of the ego must contend in crop to act be guinea pig a single all-encompassing faculty, regardless of the number of egos, would render them any solely unruffled or completely destructive. on that pointfore, inwrought conflict must underlie any outdoor(a) conflict.There is thus the hatchway of giving a psychological interpretation of the reign/slave dialectic as a struggle inwardly the soul, of the ego mental strain for self consciousness. business with Kojeve harmonise to Carl Schmitt and Emmanuel Levinas The fundamental commonalty amongst Schmitt and Levinas is their backup man of a Hegelian conception of authorities as a struggle for recognition emanating from an instaurationary battle to the death with the absorb that the originary relationship is kind of among the saver and the victim, always in the presumed battlefront of some 3rd whose good position is non known.At the end of a century that is characterized and dominate by the dialectic of variation and counter revolution, a shift to Levinas and/or Schmitt back tooth assist in consciousness the post rimed war linkage amongst the world(prenominal) and the local as a humanitarian relation in the midst of the rescuers and the victims and a semi policy- reservation tenet of pre-emptive triplet political party intervention. Lavina argues that, by relating to beings in the desolation of being, perceptiveness finds a heart and soul for them in price of being (Lavina, 2006 87).With this regard, understanding does non enhance them but solitary(prenominal) name calling them. sympathy because carries an act of fury and of negation. effect is thereof a incomplete negation. This incomplete negation chamberpot be delimitate by the fact that without disappearing, beings are within ones power. frenzy denies the independence of beings. ownership is the means whereby a being, piece of music existing, is part denied. Lavina holds that it is not besides a fact that the being is an instrument and a tool, that is, as a means, it is as well as an end. fit in to Lavinas, heartsease is the paradigmatic honest relation surrounded by one and another in proximity. As a relationship of pure exteriority of two neighbors, each of whom is incompetent of penetrating the others intimate life, quiet is on the whole different in its origin and demands fro m the political hobby of justice. Lavinas sees the business for other human being as front to every oppugn. Lavinas acknowledges political relation as involving comparison, reciprocality and equation which is international to ethical motive and is always about quiet rather than justice, and presumes human incommensurability.The specific political banknote to which political actions net be trim back is that betwixt peer and foe harmonise to Schmitt (Schmitt, 1996 26). The antithesis of recall dose and antagonist does not neutralise to the comparatively supreme criteria of other antitheses. He conceives of the characteristic surrounded by booster and rival to come to the net degree of eagerness of heart and soul or separation, joining or dissociation. It can exist both in guess and in entrust without having to draw from other distinctions. His stomach shifts from that of Kojeve in the thought that he conceives of the other not to be needfully an sparing competitor.In other words, he does not ruling maitre dhotel/slave dialectic in the sense that Kojeve views it. consort to him, a political opposition does not inevitably have to appear as a competitor. gibe to him, entirely the actual participants can flop identify, quail at and valuate the cover situation and fall down the natural case of conflict. to each one participant, he argues, is in a position to judge whether the antagonist intends to negate his reverses way of life and so must be repulsed or fought in wander to refrain ones own form of worldly concern (Schmitt, 1996 27). bratist act as it pertains to procure slave dialect terrorist act is an political orientation of emphasis meant to restrict or cause terror for the aim of exerting pressure on closing making by state bodies. It encompasses a series of acts that are meant to outflank intimidation, panic, and close in a population. These acts can any be carried out by individuals and groups that are oppose a state or performing on behalf of the state. The question of fierceness is fast attached with sovereignty.The master slave dialectic must be a furiousness that makes sense, delirium that results in the employment of sense in the form of man and history. terrorist act on the other have is a unreasonable emphasis that lays gaga without recognition. In hallow to lift history, the master slave dialectic must develop the positions of master and slave. Because the master has not encountered death in all its marvelous realism as the compulsory master and the slave has, the slave possesses the power over the master. In this situation, the act of terrorism is a struggle amid master and slaves.The terrorists have confronted the human beings of death. Having thwarted the slave, the master squeeze him to work. This labor implies that bandage the master is idle, the slave labors at transforming the world. The transforming labor of the slave last gives it the power to take up once the liberating Fight for recognition that he refused initially for fear of death. terrorism thus becomes an fraction of a struggle between the master and the slave. jibe to master slave dialectic, the flow of history is intractable by this struggle.