The Ems Ukase Essay examples -- International Affairs Germany Ukraine

The Ems Ukase During the 1800s, Ukraine was under the powerful rule of Russian tsars who dictated over the entire Russian empire. The Ukrainians were used to being held under a heavy hand though, and at this point in time, groups of men call Cossacks were gathering in numbers to fight against the outside authority over their homeland and to once and for all bring freedom to Ukraine. Nostalgia of the original Cossacks and â€Å"national revival among the Ukrainians since around 1840† became fused with â€Å"ideas of Enlightenment in the works of people like Taras Shevchenko (1814-61) and Myhailo Drahomanov (1841-95) among others† (Pavlychko Page 6). In 1863, Petr Valeuv, the Russian minister of internal affairs created a â€Å"repressive anti-Ukrainian policy† to downgrade nationalism in Ukraine and even being to punish and arrest those participating in honoring their area of the Russian empire (Encylopedia of Ukraine 2001). By 1875, a commission was organized to investigate â€Å"Ukrainophile propaganda in the southern areas of Russia† (Encylopedia of Ukraine 2001). As a result of this investigation, a â€Å"secret decree written on May 30, 1876 by Russian tsar Alexander II† was written called the Ems Ukase (Encylopedia of Ukraine 2001). â€Å"The Ems Ukase was issued in response to the growing Ukrainian nationalism movement and the unrest of Ukrainian Cossacks† (Nationamaster 2003). Issued in the town of Ems, Germany (hence the name), the decree was also known as the â€Å"Yuzefovich Ukase† after its author, Mikhail Yuzefovich, who was the deputy curator of the Kiev school district (Encyclopedia of Ukraine 2001). The policy itself â€Å"banned publication of all Ukrainian- published texts except for belles-lettres and h... ...ited Ems Ukase 2001. Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/E/M/EmsUkase.htm Ems Ukase 2003. http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Ems-Ukase Hrycak, A. 2004. Schooling, language and the policy-making power of state bureaucrats in Ukraine. Reeds College. Novamova.com.ua/htm/04/45.htm Pavlychko, S. Modernism vs. Populism in Fin de Siecle Ukrainian Literature. Page 6. http://www.utoronto.ca/elul/English/Pavlychko-ModvsPop.pdf Rancour-Laferriere, D. 2000. Nationalism, Extremism and Xenophobia : Imagining Russia: ethnic identity and the nationalist mind. University of California. Short History of Ukraine. http://www.hf.uib.no/Andre/vesti/ukrainehistory.htm - kap2 Ukrainians 2005. Centre for Russian Studies. http://www.nupi.no/cgi-win/Russland/etnisk_b.exe?Ukrainian

E-Marketing Essay

Considering the current volume of internet marketing business, it’s hard to believe how young the internet marketplace is. While the timeline of internet marketing has been short, the cumulative events leading up to where we are now have impacted the entire globe faster than any marketing revolution in history. Today, it’s hard to believe in having an organization which doesn’t have some kind of online presence. When the internet was first introduced in the early 90s, the internet was treated as a tool for exchanging emails and digital information, but wasn’t yet considered valuable for reaching customers. Soon, companies which had been spending huge chunks of their marketing budget on offline list building, begin to realize that they could accomplish the same thing via email and for much less. Whatever the case may be, Nepal is still in the early phase of e-marketing and e-commerce. Only few people have access to internet, among those, very few use internet for business purpose. Most of the people who have web access are keeping themselves busy on social networking sites. But the positive aspect is that the number of people realizing and using internet as an e-commerce are continuously increasing. Human behavior and natures are so dynamic. We constantly want to change and our likes and preferences changes with time, trend and technology. Realizing this nature of human being and large increment in the number of internet users in Nepal, the founder of hamrobazar.com saw an opportunity and founded hamrobazar.com seven years ago. Hamrobazar.com is free online site which enables individuals as well as companies to sell wide variety of new or used product online. Hamrobazar.com is a site that has created a platform where both seller and buyers can interact with each other to buy and sell products and services. Hamrobazar.com is an e-commerce company based in Kathmandu, Nepal. Hamrobazar is one of the popular sites in Nepal for free selling and purchasing of variety of new or used products. It offers its users an easy and trendy way to purchase wide variety of new or used goods online. A buyer can choose a suitable product from the list of a large product variety and can purchase from the seller. People buy new products everyday or every week. All of us are buying new things every week. It can be a car, a book, a music CD, a DVD, mobile set, mobile accessories, services, toy and many more. But as time and technology changes, the products we purchase may get outdated or we may wish to buy a different product. The reason to buy a new product or buy a different products could be several, change in technology, age of the product, malfunctioning of the product, wish to get updated with new product in the market, bought a product earlier that is not suitable and the list for reasons can continue. For all those who wish to sell their product and for all those who wish to purchase a new or a used product hamrobazar.com is the perfect answer. The best thing above all, it is for free. Hamrobazar member can login and sell their products for free. Hamrobazar.com is free online classified which enables individuals as well as companies to sell wide variety of new or used product online. Hamrobazar is visited by around 50,000 unique visitors who use the site for buying and selling purpose. Compared to newspaper classifieds, hamrobazar.com will provide more comprehensive detail and pictures thus enabling consumer to choose better. Hamrobazar.com has created such platform where both seller and buyers can interact with each other Mission Statement and stated goals of hamrobazar.com Hamrobazar.com does not appear to have a predetermined mission statement, nevertheless, the basic mission and goals of the Company is to provide a perfect solution for selling the products for free. It also believes that internet is a great promotional vehicle as well as communication channel for connecting buyers and sellers. In general, hamrobazar.com has communicated that its mission is to influence technology and potential to provide the best buying experience on the Internet for free. Business Philosophy of hamrobazar.com Despite its increasing popularity, hamrobazar.com remains unremittingly focused on the costumers. Since, the main philosophy of hamrobazar.com is to help the web users to sell their products for free. It is constantly focusing on the customer friendly interface so that customers can enjoy their purchase on a trendy and an easy way.

Maus vs. Animal Farm

The most annoying thing Is when parents do not control their children in public. If their child Is mucking around and doing something reckless, parents need to step In and take action. In today's society, parents are too focused on their phones, Pad and gadgets to pay enough attention. Therefore, leaving their kids to run muck. Children need discipline. If parents cannot control their own children, why do they even bother taking them out in public? Parents have to learn that it is not okay to let a hill run around a store and disrupt others.If the parents paid more attention, they would notice what kind of child they have brought into this world – a monster! It makes no sense for a mother or father to sit on their phone in a restaurant meanwhile crazy corrupt children are creating chaos. Touching, hitting, and knocking everything in sight. How does a parent not notice this? Their child could possibly damage a priceless artifact and it would not even become an immense deal unle ss someone pointed it out. When will it become apparent that children need discipline?Many children Just don't listen to their parents as a result, children need discipline. Furthermore, they are young, they are foolish and they are definitely not experienced enough to know what Is right or wrong. It Is a parent's Job to teach their chide the right and wrong thing to do In a situation. If a child Is not telephoned from a young age, It is a lot harder to instill discipline when they are older. Starting from a young age, discipline can be taught easily gaining the authorities respect therefore; the parent can control their children in public!

Taxi to the Dark Side

Brutality, degradation, inhumane treatment, cruelty, these are the words that are often ascribed to the act of torture, whatever form it maybe. The mere intention to conduct these actions reveals a complicated double standard (Fiala, 103). People would opt to be the punisher, the powerful, the dominant rather than being punished, being weak and being dominated by someone else. It might not generally surmise human nature but it reveals the fact that humans in a society would always aspire for the top position in the ladder.To this end, it is not surprising why some people support torture, most specifically, when they are not the one who is being (or will be) tortured. On the other hand, people also tend to display compassion and sympathy to other human beings. This is the basis of the deontological morality expressed by Immanuel Kant. This essay would try to explore the nature of torture and present an evaluation of the ethical values involved. The subject of the essay would be based on the discussion of torture in the documentary by Alex Gibney entitled ‘Taxi to the Dark Side’.The main argument would be that ‘torture is morally impermissible’ nonetheless the essay would also try to determine the reason behind the act of torture especially with regards to the incident in Afghanistan and Iraq. Interrogation is the basic means to attain ‘intelligence’ or first-hand information that are vital in the prevention of danger such as war/s and terrorism. It can also be use to gain knowledge of the culprit behind certain crimes. One, need not to be involved in an actual warfare or crime to understand the concept involved in interrogation.However, it is also a common knowledge that some information gathered through interrogation may not be valid. One cannot establish the factuality of a certain statement that people ‘spill out’ during interrogations. In some cases, ordinary interrogation techniques are futile since the pe rson being interrogated may not be willing to cooperate. These instances coupled with an urgent need for the ‘information’ usually calls for a ‘forceful’ kind of interrogation.In the context of this essay, the type of interrogation is known as ‘torture interrogation’ (Casebeer, 263). In the documentary ‘Taxi to the Dark Side’, torture interrogation is portrayed as a technique used to gather information from supposedly terrorists. It involves long hours of standing, sleep deprivation, use and application of physical force, humiliation and other maltreatments that would fall under CID or acts of ‘cruel, inhuman or degrading’ treatments (Luban).Casebeer (264), explained that torture interrogations encompass the strategy that involves ‘severe physical and/or mental pain’ (I believe that emotional or psychological pain can also be present especially during humiliation and inducement of fear) that is inflicted o n its ‘victim’, that is done by certain ‘perpetrators’ such as ‘interrogators and/or soldiers’ and are designed to reach a goal such as to ‘extract information and confessions’. The ethical considerations that torture interrogation presents are grounded on the fact that (in most cases) during ‘torture interrogations’ the person is not yet convicted ‘guilty’ (Fiala, 109).Torture, in its own terms, has long been considered as an immoral act. Nevertheless, torture as a type of punishment can be justified since the ‘victim’ of torture is ‘guilty’ of a certain crime which could have been worst than the punishment (torture) in itself. The possibility of torturing an innocent individual creates a moral debate regarding the permissibility of torture. The utilitarian principle requires the maximization of happiness and minimization of unhappiness as standard for morality.In the ‘tick ing time-bomb’ scenario, as mentioned by Casebeer (271) and in the documentary by Gibney, a bomb is placed in a certain field or establishment and only one person (a terrorist or the bomber) knows how to locate and defuse the bomb. If the bomb explodes, several people will be affected or will die, thus, all necessary parameters are to be taken to extract the relevant information from that person (terrorist or bomber). Torturing one person to be able to save more number of people is of course considerable.But it should not be taken for granted that this argument is ‘hypothetical’. In reality, this situation may not even exist. Deontological ethics focus on a person’s duty which implies the respect for another person’s rights. People, according to this ethical framework, should not be treated as means rather as an end (Casebeer, 266). In torturing another person to extract information that would benefit more people denotes using that other person as m eans. Whether the person is guilty or innocent, torture interrogation would still involve disrespect to the other person’s right and humanity.In reflecting on the documentary, a taxi driver nicknamed Dilawar died of homicide due to ‘blunt force of injuries to lower extremities that complicates coronary artery disease’ as a result of ‘torture interrogation’. The documentary elaborated that Dilawar is not-guilty. Furthermore, the documentary also highlighted that 93% of the suspected terrorists are turned over to the United States forces to gain bounties or rewards. It also turned out that Dilawar is included in this 93%. With these in mind, the act of torture interrogation is blatantly immoral.Despite the fact that legal documents and loopholes can be found to justify the act of ‘torture interrogation’ as can be deduced from documents, such as the memorandum for William J. Haynes II dated March 14, 2003, torture interrogation is morally i mpermissible. To better justify this position, Fiala argued about the possibility of the ‘slippery slope’ fallacy that might result if torture terrorism would be justified and practiced in ‘extreme cases’ or ‘supreme emergencies’ (quoted by Fiala from Walzer). According to Fiala, politicians or people who are granted the necessary authority to conduct torture terrorism might abuse their power.As Fiala states, ‘when political agents makes exceptions to moral principles, these exceptions can become precedents that serve to normalize immoral behavior’. In ‘Taxi to the Dark Side’, there is an argument regarding the slippery slope phenomena that transpired during the change in the ‘interrogation methods’ for the prisoners in Guantanamo Bay. According to the documentary, the changes in the interrogation techniques are only applicable in Guantanamo. Nonetheless, the ambiguity and loopholes that surrounds the issu e resulted to the application of the interrogation techniques to Iraq.The danger of the slippery slope is when the technique is applied to innocent individuals. The documentary also mentioned that there are other prisoners that are sent to Guantanamo or in places outside the United States that permits torture interrogation because this methodology is illegal in the United States. After the discussion of the moral impermissibility of torture interrogation, it might be obvious to some people that torture interrogation is wrong. However, the question ‘why are there people who conduct such immoral acts’, might linger to a person’s mind.‘Taxi to the Other Side’ illustrates the confusion and the pressure that interrogators undergo during the ‘War against Terrorism’. Most of the pressure comes from the government, the need to justify an attack or the arrest of a person. Another source of pressure, as explained in the documentary, comes from oth er soldiers. As one soldier testified ‘I don’t want to go against my fellow soldiers’. Fiala (101) described the possibility of this situation as ‘a political pressure to take decisive and dramatic actions without regard for moral niceties’.This essay concludes that torture interrogation is morally impermissible based on the utilitarian and deontological ethical frameworks. Humans should be treated as humans. Punishments should be carried out effectively and justly. Torture interrogation does not treat humans humanely. Moreover, torture of the innocent is highly unacceptable under moral precepts. A clearer guidance on the interrogation process must be devised to be able to minimize the dangers of slipping down the use of torture interrogation specifically when there is a high pressure to produce information.Legal justifications are not enough to excuse or validate the use of torture during interrogation. It merely served as evidence that the legal st andards are flawed and needs immediate repair (reconstruction/revision). References Casebeer, W. D. (2005). â€Å"Torture Interrogation of Terrorists†. Fiala, A. (2008). â€Å"Torture and Terrorism†. Gibney, A. (2007) â€Å"Taxi to the Dark Side†. Luban, D. (2005). â€Å"Torture, American Style†. Office of Legal Counsel. (2003). â€Å"Torture Memo†.

Advocates of Human Rights and Champions of Countrys and Citizens Research Paper - 2

Advocates of Human Rights and Champions of Countrys and Citizens Safety - Research Paper Example Hence, people who are convicted in the lower courts, but have appealed successfully to higher courts could neither be removed from office, nor could be deprived of other citizens rights, like getting elected for an elected post, or exercising voting rights etc. So, indictment or formal charge against any person is not evidence of guilt because unless proved otherwise, the person is supposed to be innocent. It is the fundamental safeguard in the British system. â€Å"It is precisely in order to protect this presumption of innocence that defendants are not generally required to face evidence which, while it may be highly prejudicial, does not actually prove the particular case against them† Keeping this exclusive right of the defendant, he is excluded from ‘similar fact evidence’ meaning similar crimes committed by the accused in past will not have any bearing on the present case. Human Rights have become the most important principles of law today, in all civilised countries. The world is, at last, acknowledging that individual and his rights are greater than any other rights, as long as it does not encroach another’s individual rights. Hence, human rights come to the forefront while dealing with individuality as the core matter of it. â€Å"Throughout the world, in international relations and international law, discourse is increasingly being conducted in the language of human rights. This trend represents the significant inroads which are being made by the international community of nations on the notion of state sovereignty,† (Feldman, 2002, p.35).

Performance Enhancing Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Performance Enhancing Drugs - Essay Example The first factor is the developments in the field of science that have led to the finding of a larger number of performance enhancing drugs. The second factor has been the dramatic increase in the financial rewards that accrue to successful sportsmen, and hence the incentive to attempt to use any means to succeed. Measures have been introduced to discourage the use of performance enhancing drugs in the field of sports, but anecdotal evidence suggests that these measures have in no way reduced the use of performance enhancing drugs in the field of sports. (Athletes and Performance-Enhancing Drugs). Strychnine, heroin, cocaine, and morphine have seen use as performance enhancing drugs, but probably was more harmful than in providing an enhancement of performance. During the Second World War amphetamines were used widely by soldiers to avoid fatigue, due to the toll of a long war on their physical capabilities, and as such represents the first use of performance enhancing drugs in the form of stimulants. (Athletes and Performance-Enhancing Drugs). The stimulant group of performance enhancing drugs includes amphetamines, caffeine, B-agonists, phenylpropanolamine, and ephedrine. Stimulants work on the Central Nervous System, and speeds up certain parts of the brain and body. This capacity of the stimulants makes it useful to sportsmen like athletes and weight lifters, as it quickens reflexes, improves confidence, and reduces an athlete’s sense of fatigue. The side effects due to the use of the stimulants include anxiety and psychosis. The anabolic-androgenic steroids makes up the next group of performance enhancing drugs, and include stanozolol, methanedienone, nandrolone, clostebol, oxandrolone, and testosterone. Anabolic steroids are the synthetic equivalents of testosterone, which is the naturally occurring male hormone. Chemical modifications enhance the muscle building capabilities,

Improving Student Academic Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Improving Student Academic Behavior - Essay Example Student performance goes beyond the mere student achievement in examinations and school tests to encompass the overall achievement of character strengths, particularly the specific dispositions, attributes, and skills that are linked with effective learning ability. Successful students are those that are not only knowledgeable in a variety of subject areas, but also those that have acquired the learning skills that will enable them fit into their respective roles in the future of societies; for that matter, improving student performance is more than just merely improving their test scores. With the great concern among educators and schools regarding improving student performance, numerous efforts have been directed towards establishing the most effective ways of improving student behavior, which has been highlighted as a core factor in education development. Student behavior has been found to be the most critical factor in improving student performance, study habits, time management, as well as personal/student accountability; parent-teacher relationships; on the other hand, are essential in encouraging positive student behavior among students generally.The relationship between parents and teachers has often been framed in terms of parental involvement or engagement in policy matters regarding planning for the provision as well as development of education throughout the world; even so, parental engagement is a new concept in the history of educational development, and an ambiguous one for that matter.